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Yanesha Agriculture in the Upper Peruvian Amazon: Persistence and Change Fifteen Years Down the 'Road.' Catherine C. Hamlin and Jan Salick

YANESHA AGRICULTURE IN THE UPPER PERUVIAN AMAZON: PERSISTENCE AND CHANGE FIFTEEN YEARS DOWN THE ‘ROAD’

Hamlin, Catherine (Environmental Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; e-mail: cchamlin@hotmail.com), and Jan Salick (Curator of Ethnobotany, Missouri Botanical Gardens, Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA; e-mail: jan.salick@mobot.org).

For centuries the Yanesha have practiced complex swidden agriculture well adapted to the narrow valleys of the upper Peruvian Amazon. The 1980s marked a time of increased change in the Palcazu Valley, beginning with the construction of a marginal highway (Carretera Marginal) in 1984 that dissected several native communities. This study employs quantitative plant ecology and interviews to describe change in Yanesha agriculture in Laguna fifteen years later. Percent cover, planting density, field size, and diversities of species ( a), field-type ( b), and height class did not change in fields. In 1999, black earth and commercial agroforestry were new field types, and upland rice fields were absent. In home gardens, species richness persisted, while changes in species composition reflected species experimentation and aggregation of homes along the roadside (with upland soils). The road facilitated the flow of plants, people, and markets to influence Yanesha agriculture, and facilitated other agents of change during more than a decade of guerrilla, military, Ashaninka, and drug-trafficking activities plaguing the Palcazu Valley. This violence punctuated calmer periods when ‘‘development’’ was promoted by aid agencies. Agents of conservation included community land titles, immigration restrictions, a national park, protection forest, and communal reserves.


AGRICULTURA YANESHA EN LA ALTA AMAZONIA PERUANA: PERSISTENCIA Y CAMBIO DESPUE´S DE QUINCE ANOS.

Por siglos los Yanesha han practicado un sistema agrýcola de roza-y-quema bien adaptado a los valles de la alta Amazonia peruana. En los anos ochenta varios incidentes afectaron el Valle Palcazu, incluyendo la construccion de una carretera (la Carretera Marginal) que dividio´ algunas comunidades indý´genas. Esta investigacio´n utilizo´ me´todos de ecologý´a botanica cuantitativa y entrevistas para describir cambios en la agricultura Yanesha en Laguna despue´s de quince an˜os. El porcentaje de cobertura, la densidad de siembra, el tamano de campo agrýcola, y las diversidades de especies (a), del tipo de campo (b), y del nivel de altura no cambiaron en los campos agrý´colas. Entre los cambios importantes en 1999 se presentaron nuevos tipos de campos con tierra negra y campo agroforestal comercial y una ausencia notada de arrozales. En huertas domesticas, se conservo´ la riqueza de especies, aunque se presentaron cambios en la composicio´n de especies como resultado de la experimentacion y agregacion de casas por la carretera (con suelos pobres de altura). La carretera facilito´ movimiento de plantas, personas, y mercados que influyeron la agricultura Yanesha, y facilito´ otro agentes de cambio durante ma´s de una decada de actividades de guerrillas, militares, Ashaninka, y narcotraficantes en el Valle Palcazu. Agentes de conservation incluyieron titulos comunitarios, imigration restrijida, un parque nacional, un foresta de protection, y reserves comunales.

Key Words: agriculture; Amazon; Peru; Yanesha.

Economic Botany 57(2):163–180, 2006.

 

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